The first 8 are "outcome targets", which are: implement the 10Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns; achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of, Structure of goals, targets and indicators, Listing of 17 goals with their targets and indicators, Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities, Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production, Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions, Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators, UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), Assessing the political impact of the SDGs. MeSH [190] Australia is not on-track to achieve the SDGs by 2030. [142], The Rockefeller Foundation asserts that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift. [197] In March 2018 Haryana became the first state in India to have its annual budget focused on the attainment of SDG with a 3-year action plan and a 7-year strategy plan to implement sustainable development goals when Captain Abhimanyu, Finance Minister of Government of Haryana, unveiled a 1,151,980 lakh (equivalent to 130billion, US$1.6billion or 1.6billion in 2020) annual 2018-19 budget. They were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA Resolution called the 2030 Agenda, known colloquially as Agenda 2030. The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. These goals are designed to lessen the burden of disease and inequality faced by developing countries and lead to a healthier future. The United States stand last among the G20 nations to attain these Sustainable Development Goals and 36th worldwide. The first nine targets are "outcome targets". Such solutions should address both supply, i.e. The global action and fulfillment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals remain hardly achievable without mental health (i.e., awareness, care and support). [196] As the country has progressed in its 12th five-year plan (20192023), the national goals have been aligned with the SDGs and every agency plays a vital role in its own ways to collectively achieving the committed goals of SDGs. It was held during 1120 July 2016 in New York in the United States. Marten R. How states exerted power to create the Millennium Development Goals and how this shaped the global health agenda: Lessons for the sustainable development goals and the future of global health. [118]:145. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Whilst female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is becoming less common, at least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to this harmful practice. [135] Recommended approaches to achieve the SDGs are: "Set priorities, focus on harnessing the environmental dimension of the SDGs, understand how the SDGs work as an indivisible system, and look for synergies". This forum was the UN global platform to review and follow up the SDGs and 2030 Agenda. Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G. (2019): Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. World Bank Dev Res Gr. [12]:14 This was double the estimated subsidies for renewables and is detrimental to the task of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions. How have the SDGs helped us in "leaving no one behind"? [105]:11, Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of the SDG on education. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a key element of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Its aims form one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal on education SDG 4.7 and it is considered a driver for the achievements of all 17 SDGs.. ESD empowers everyone to make informed decisions in favour of environmental integrity, economic viability and a just society for . The attained results show how prolific authors and schools of knowledge are emerging, as key topics such as climate change, health and the burden diseases, or the global governance of these issues. [108] These six goals address key issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and Food security, Health, Education, Gender equality and women's empowerment, and water and sanitation. Notably, green spaces are a useful alternative for improving senior mental health. The most recent one is from April 2020. It was found out that the word "sustainable" lead to confusion, it made the whole name confusingly long too, so it was rebranded into the "17 Global Goals" or "The Goals". Poverty is one of the most persistent problems in the world, which countries try to alleviate while setting sustainable development goals to achieve a better future for mankind as a whole. [citation needed], The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. 2022 Nov 4;19(21):14493. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114493. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. [162][163][164] Curtis approached Swedish designer Jakob Trollbck who rebranded them as The Global Goals and created the 17 iconic visuals with clear short names as well as a logotype for the whole initiative. "[9], The Sustainable Development Goals adopted some conservative and unambitious perspectives on the tensions between economic growth and environmental sustainability. [140] In explanation of the findings, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion were "left behind" by quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind". a) Keywords Plus heatmap and b) heat map zoom to highlight the highest concentration words, data source WoS, 2020. "Sustainable development recognizes that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, combatting inequality within and among countries, preserving the planet, creating sustained,. [203], Ghana aims to align its development priorities in partnership with CSOs and the private sector to achieve the SDGs in Ghana together. A study published in September 2020 found that poverty increased by 7 per cent in just a few months due to the COVID-19 pandemic, even though it had been steadily decreasing for the last 20 years. [154], The notion of "SDG Driven Investment" gained further ground amongst institutional investors in the second semester of 2019, notably at the WPC-led G7 Pensions Roundtable held in Biarritz, 26 August 2019,[155] and the Business Roundtable held in Washington, DC, on 19 August 2019. [209] In 2019, the Bond network analyzed the UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More attention to the context of the biophysical systems in different places (e.g., coastal, Better understanding of feedbacks across scales in space (e.g., through, A study stated in 2022: "Recent assessments show that, under current trends, the worlds social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the aspirations for universal human well-being embedded in the SDGs.". [10]:210, In 2019 Antnio Guterres called for the following priorities with regards to allocation of funds: "a major surge in financing with Member States meeting their official development assistance commitments; fully replenishing Global Funds on Climate and Health; boosting funding for education and other Sustainable Development Goals; supporting innovative forms of financing like Social Impact Bonds; and increasing access to technologies and concessional and green finance for countries most at risk". Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to UNCED. The SDGs look to policy makers as well as private sector executives and board members to work toward gender equality. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Some studies warn here of "SDG washing" by corporate actors, selective implementation of the goals, and the political risks linked to private investments in the context of continued shortage of public funding. Three came from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA),[136][137] one from the Bertelsmann Foundation and one from the European Union. Milanovic B. All the 17 goals were integrated into the 7FYP. The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Fig 4. [62][63], SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns". In Asia for example, data shows a loss of progress on goals 2,8,10,11, and 15. The five "outcome targets" are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. Pull requests. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.[17]. downloads There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans). With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! [118]:161, Some argue that the SDGs' focus on sustainable economic development is inevitably detrimental to planetary integrity and justice, which require both limits to economic growth and the removal of developmental disparities between the rich and the poor. [95] This goal has 19 outcome targets and 24 indicators. : Key Insights", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", "Breakdown of U.N. To meet that deadline, international . Instead, environmental protection is left to a cluster of environment-focused SDGs down the list at Goal 13, 14 and 15. (SDG targets 9.2 and 9.4) How can income inequality be reconciled with economic growth? Outlines from the roadmap are steps to translate the Agenda 2063 and the SDGs into policies, plans and programs whiles considering the country is a Fragile State and applies the New Deal Principles. [10]:206 Attempts to strengthen the role of the HLPF and to harmonize the voluntary reporting system have not found consensus among governments. While this impact has so far largely been discursive, the goals had some normative and institutional effects as well. The first ten are "outcome targets". Without wider recognition the necessary momentum to achieve them by 2030 would not be achieved. its implementation from the very beginning through the integration of SDGs into the national [118]:144, The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering on the ambitious development agenda. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Just as GNH is both an ideal to be pursued and a practical tool so too the SDGs inspire and guide sustainable action. In the run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. education, skills development and training, and demand. [99] In 2016, six countries met the international target to keep official development assistance at or above 0.7 percent of gross national income. [99] Humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters have continued to demand more financial resources and aid. A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many, describing them as "sprawling, misconceived" and "a mess" compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). [200], In Cape Verde, the government received support from the UNDP to convene an international conference on SDGs in June 2015. Goals, Scienza e Pace, VIII, 1, pp. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators. Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to share knowledge, expertise, technology, and financial support is seen as critical to overall success of the SDGs. This proves difficult when major governments fail to support it. [178] In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". [100] Sustainable development can enhance sectoral integration and social inclusion (robust evidence, high agreement). [3], The SDGs were formulated in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, which sought to create a future global development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals, which ended that year. [174], The annual "Le Temps Presse" festival in Paris utilizes cinema to sensitize the public, especially young people, to the Sustainable Development Goals. [55] In 2019, 14% of the world's workers were employed in manufacturing activities. The goal encompasses improving northsouth and South-South cooperation, and public-private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned. UN sustainable development goals failing to have meaningful impact, our research warns. This centrality has only increased since the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), whose scope is to shift the world on to a path of resilience focused on promoting sustainable development. The monitoring of essential variables to better capture the essence of coupled environmental and social systems that underpin sustainable development, helping to guide coordination and systems transformation. Mainstream journals from the Web of Science (WoS) are used to identify current topics, the most involved journals, the most prolific authors, and the thematic areas around which the current academic SDG debate revolves. The impact of climate change not only impacts national economies, but also lives and livelihoods, especially those in vulnerable conditions. The communication system is available for free. We invite enyone to improve the SDG queries further in a co-creation process. The average worldwide temperature in 2021 was approximately 1.1C higher than pre-industrial levels (from 1850 to 1900). Here's how . 29, Journal of International Development. [151], In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD) that invited to a public dialogue. [37] Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both boys and girls. Some indicators were replaced, revised or deleted. [144][145][146], Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion. Expand all Goals. Epub 2022 Apr 1. With regards to water stress: "In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and Northern Africa registered very high water stress defined as the ratio of fresh water withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources of more than 70 per cent". The seven "outcome targets" include safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems, inclusive and sustainable urbanization, protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage, reduction of the adverse effects of natural disasters, reduction of the environmental impacts of cities and to provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces. [105] For example, culture plays a role in SDGs related to:[105]:2. Ramirez-Rubio O, Daher C, Fanjul G, Gascon M, Mueller N, Pajn L, Plasencia A, Rojas-Rueda D, Thondoo M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals. [31] Still, the number of children dying under age five is very high: 5.6 million in 2016. [82], SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss". For other uses, see. [43] The eight targets are measured by 11 indicators. The three "means of achieving targets" include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking. This is not a criticism of the SDGs per se, but a recognition that their environmental conditions are still weak. A big portion of people became agree with the statement. Use science and social science to help young people arrive at sustainable solutions. [1] [2] Our goals are: No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water . Academic production annual growth, data. government site. 2012;(November). The Rio+20 outcome document mentioned that "at the outset, the OWG [Open Working Group] will decide on its methods of work, including developing modalities to ensure the full involvement of relevant stakeholders and expertise from civil society, Indigenous Peoples, the scientific community and the United Nations system in its work, in order to provide a diversity of perspectives and experience". Even so, many countries also require official development assistance to encourage growth and trade. [10]:218, The online publication SDG-Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all available indicators. 2012;379(9832):220611. To what extent have the SDGs been used to monitor people with disabilities? Governments agreed in 2015 to transform society by 2030. [18] As of 17 July 2020, there were 231 unique indicators. Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, sustainability, nutrition, food, health, agriculture, diet, food system, food security, SDG, Reduced Inequalities, Social Determinants, Health Disparities . total views They could unintentionally promote environmental destruction in the name of sustainable development.[122][123]. [188], The UN-led process involved its 193 Member States and global civil society. Each SDG has been constructed so that improvements can be assessed both individually and synergistically, thus each single SDG builds upon the others. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2019 Dec 18;15(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s12992-019-0529-z. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and into the future". [4] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more "actionable" by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress. views Some targets are for 2030; others are for 2020. [118]:146, Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of World Health Organisation WHO And United Nations International Children's Emergency fund UNICEF reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. -. On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". They provide a shared blueprint which calls for a global partnership that ranges from reducing global poverty and hunger, to tackling climate change and preserving the environment. Fig 1. [48] The global population without access to electricity decreased to about 840 million in 2017 from 1.2 billion in 2010 (sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the largest access deficit). [1][2] The SDGs are: no poverty; zero hunger; good health and well-being; quality education; gender equality; clean water and sanitation; affordable and clean energy; decent work and economic growth; industry, innovation and infrastructure; reduced inequalities; sustainable cities and communities; responsible consumption and production; climate action; life below water; life on land; peace, justice, and strong institutions; and partnerships for the goals. The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020. Department for International Development (2017), High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, United Nations Economic and Social Council, List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, United Nations economic and Social Council, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Public Information, Sustainable Development Goals and Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria, Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, "Will the Sustainable Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment? An official website of the United States government. Multi-stakeholder partnerships and voluntary commitments. 2019;14(4):58499. The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well established: Synergies amongst the SDGs are "the good antagonists of trade-offs". [12] As at 2020, nearly the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network. 187 Sustainability Topics For Research Papers In 2022. [10]:210 Lack of funding could prevent genuine steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals and indicate that the discursive changes that stem from the SDG process will not lead to transformative structural change and policy reform. [21], Many goals build on existing agreements and are integral parts of other political processes, such as international agreements on biodiversity, climate, oceans or standards and programs set by the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization and so forth. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform", "Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions", "SDG Indicators: why SDG 17 is the most important UN SDG", "Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030: Easier Stated Than Achieved JIID", "6th World Pensions Forum held at the Queen's House: ESG and Asset Ownership", "Greening, Governance and Growth in the Age of Popular Empowerment", "Gender equality and women's rights in the post-2015 agenda: A foundation for sustainable development", Global Citizenship Education: Topics and learning objectives, "Sustainable development goals United Nations", "Health United Nations Sustainable Development", "Hunger and food security United Nations Sustainable Development", "Water and Sanitation United Nations Sustainable Development", "Climate Action to Unlock the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century", "Grand Duchy of Luxembourg International Climate Finance Strategy", "Making the Sustainable Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability", "Latest U.N. sustainability goals pose more harm than good for environment, scientists warn", "SDG-Tracker.org Releases New Resources | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD", "Eerste 'tracker' die progressie op SDG's per land volgt | Fondsnieuws", "Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future", The Future is Now Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, "Sustainable development in the European Union", "Leaving Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion behind", "Remarks to High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development | United Nations Secretary-General", "Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021", "Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change", "The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene", The SDGs are public goods - Costs, Sources and Measures of Financing for Development, "A New Role for Foundations in Financing the Global Goals", "From Billions to Trillions: Mobilising the Missing Trillions to Solve the Sustainable Development Goals", "Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth? Accessibility In 2019 Antnio Guterres (secretary-general of the United Nations) issued a global call for a "Decade of Action" to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. This Research Topic aims to examine how patented innovations or patent-related policies address the SDGs, identify innovative contributions of different institutions in addressing SDGs, map intellectual landscapes of SDGs, and explore new research gaps of patented innovations for sustainable development. [198] [200], Nigeria is one of the countries that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2017 & 2020 on the implementation of the SDGs at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). The subject of nutrition is highly complex and requires an incorporation of the SDGs that is both elaborate and highly structured. A Development Results Framework (DRF)- Click on goals to show targets and topics related to the Sustainable Development Goals as defined in, By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day, By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions, Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable, By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance, By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters, Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions, Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions, By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round, By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons, By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment, By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality, By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed, Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round, Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility, By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births, By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases, By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being, Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol, By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents, By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes, Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all, By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination, Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate, Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all, Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States, Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks, By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes, By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education, By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university, By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship, By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations, By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy, By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of cultures contribution to sustainable development, Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all, By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries, By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States, End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere, Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation, Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation, Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate, Ensure womens full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences, Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws, Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women, Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels, By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all, By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations, By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally, By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity, By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate, By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes, By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies, Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management, By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services, By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology, By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support, Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries, Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors, Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services, Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead, By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value, By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training, Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms, Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment, By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all, Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries, By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization, Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all, Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industrys share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries, Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets, By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities, Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending, Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities, Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020, By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average, By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status, Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard, Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality, Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations, Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions, Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies, Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements, Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes, By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent, By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums, By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons, By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries, Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the worlds cultural and natural heritage, By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations, By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management, By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities, Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning, By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels, Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials, Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries, By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses, By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment, By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse, Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle, Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities, By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature, Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production, Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities, Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries, Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning, Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning, Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible, Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities, By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution, By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans, Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels, By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics, By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information, By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation, By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism, Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries, Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets, Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want, By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements, By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally, By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world, By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development, Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species, Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed, Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products, By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species, By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts, Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems, Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation, Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities, Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere, End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime, Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms, Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels, Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels, Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance, By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime, Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development, Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection, Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries, Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources, Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress, Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries, Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism, Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda, Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries share of global exports by 2020, Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access, Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence, Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development, Respect each countrys policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development, Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries, Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships, By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts, By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries, Copyright United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all, Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, Reduce inequality within and among countries, Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels, Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. 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research topics on sustainable development goals
